• Fibromyalgia[148]
• Food allergy: ability to eat ill-making foods[57] p. 54
• Gastric and duodenal ulcers[57][149]
• Headache[150]
• Heart failure, congestive[151]
• Hypertension[152]
• Intellectual disability[153]
• Itch[154]
• Irritable bowel syndrome[155][156]
• Lower urinary tract symptoms[157]
• Migraine prophylaxis[158][159]
• Multiple sclerosis[160]
• Nausea: gastric activity[161]
• Nausea: chemotherapy[162]
• Osteoarthritis[163][164]
• Overactive bladder[165][166]
• Pain[108]
• Panic disorders[167]
• Parkinson's disease[168][169]
• Psoriatic arthritis[170]
• Reflux esophagitis[171]
• Restless leg syndrome[172][173]
• Rheumatic diseases[174]
• Sexual dysfunction: women[175]
• Social phobia[176]
• Ulcerative colitis[177]
Endocannabinoid system involvement[edit]
It is found, that the endocannabinoid system may have a key role in nonopioid and NSAIDs-induced placebo responses, as well as both the therapeutic and adverse effects of NSAIDs.[178]
History[edit]
Main article: Placebo in history
A quack treating a patient with Perkins Patent Tractors by James Gillray, 1801. John Haygarth used this remedy to illustrate the power of the placebo effect.
The word 'placebo', Latin for "I will please", dates back to a Latin translation of the Bible by St Jerome.[179] In 1811, Hooper’s Quincy’s Lexicon-Medicum defined placebo as "[any medicine] adapted more to please than to benefit the patient".[180][181]
Early implementations of placebo controls date back to 16th-century Europe with Catholic efforts to discredit exorcisms. Individuals who claimed to be possessed by demonic forces were given false holy objects. If the person reacted with violent contortions, it was concluded that the possession was purely imagination.[182]
John Haygarth was the first to investigate the efficacy of the placebo effect in the 18th century.[183] He tested a popular medical treatment of his time, called "Perkins tractors", and concluded that the remedy was ineffectual by demonstrating that the results from a dummy remedy were just as useful as from the alleged "active" remedy.[184]